There was also a decline in tourism, which was important to the economy. Also, there are hundreds of Jamaicans who are employed in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom as exercise riders and groomers. To improve a patient’s health, medical professionals use therapy, medications, and diets. [23] Some fled into interior regions, merging with African Maroon communities. [24] Membership of the Federation proved to be divisive, however, and a referendum on the issue saw a slight majority voting to leave. Other towns of note include Portmore, Spanish Town, Savanna la Mar, Mandeville and the resort towns of Ocho Ríos, Port Antonio and Negril. [citation needed], In 2006, Jamaica became part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) as one of the pioneering members. [115] Jamaica relies on the ocean and its ecosystem for its development. In the context of local government the parishes are designated "Local Authorities". Little is known of these early peoples. [90], In recent years the JDF has been called on to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world. If their oceans are not functioning at their best then the well-being of Jamaica and the people who live there will start to deteriorate. Strict adherence to the IMF's refinancing programme and preparations for the JLH has favourably affected Jamaica's credit rating and outlook from the three biggest rating agencies. Horse racing was Jamaica's first sport. [116] For example, plastic can be caught around birds and turtles necks making it difficult to eat and breath as they begin to grow causing the plastic to get tighter around their necks. [11][80] The head of state is the Queen of Jamaica (currently Elizabeth II),[81] represented locally by the Governor-General of Jamaica. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Jamaica has traditionally had a two-party system, with power often alternating between the People's National Party (PNP) and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). Catherine)." [110][80] Other notable species include the Jamaican tody and the Greater flamingo,[111]. This study aims to inform the relevant stakeholders of the feasibility of implementing environmental fees as well as the likely impact of such revenue generating instruments on the current tourist visitation rates to the island. The once abundant Jewish population has voluntarily converted to Christianity over time. Notable Jamaicans from this group include former Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga, Jamaican politician and former Miss World Lisa Hanna, Jamaican politicians Edward Zacca and Shahine Robinson, and hotelier Abraham Elias Issa. [66], In terms of foreign policy Jamaica became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, seeking to retain strong ties with Britain and the United States whilst also developing links with Communist states such as Cuba. All projections for 2007 show an even higher potential for economic growth with all estimates over 3.0% and hampered only by urban crime and public policies. [24], In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 white and 1,500 black. It has been shows that if an environmental tax of $1 per person were introduced it would not cause a significant decline in visitation rates and would generate revenues of US$1.7M. The number of seats had been increased to 63, and the PNP swept to power with a landslide 42 seats to the JLP's 21. [24] The rivalry between the JLP and PNP became intense, and political and gang-related violence grew significantly in this period. It came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act, 1962 of the United Kingdom parliament, which gave Jamaica independence. [citation needed], Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. [140] About 7,000 Americans also reside in Jamaica. Introduction of Communication Theory (West and Turner) Download . The newest operator, Digicel was granted a licence in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent FLOW (then Cable and Wireless Jamaica) monopoly. In the case of the United States, about 20,000 Jamaicans per year are granted permanent residence. [252] An investment programme in island transportation and utility infrastructure and gains in the tourism, mining, and service sectors all contributed this figure. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, petroleum refining, financial and insurance services. [14][15][16], Jamaica is an upper-middle income country[17] with an economy heavily dependent on tourism; it has an average of 4.3 million tourists a year. [citation needed] Shaare Shalom is one of the few synagogues in the world that contains sand covered floors and is a popular tourist destination. FLOW (formerly "LIME" – pre-Columbus Communications merger) which had begun with TDMA standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM in 2002, decommissioned TDMA in 2006 and only utilised that standard until 2009 when LIME launched its 3G network. [112] The chief varieties of saltwater fish are kingfish, jack, mackerel, whiting, bonito, and tuna. The findings of the study show that the "label" of the tax and as well as the respondent's awareness of the institutional mechanisms for environmental protection and tourism are important to their decision framework. Roger Mais (1905 – 1955), a journalist, poet, and playwright wrote many short stories, plays, and novels, including The Hills Were Joyful Together (1953), Brother Man (1954), and Black Lightning (1955).[199]. We understand that you expect our writers and editors to do the job no matter how difficult they are. [200] In addition, James Bond uses a Jamaica-based cover in Casino Royale. InSightCrime: Organized Crime in the Americas. Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs. [115] Because of Jamaica's tourism, they have developed a study to see if the tourist would be willing to help financially to manage their marine ecosystem because Jamaica alone is unable to. Over-building, driven by powerful market forces as well as poverty among some sectors of the population, and destructive exploitation contribute to the decline of ocean and coastal resources. [44] The Irish in Jamaica also formed a large part of the island's early population, making up two-thirds of the white population on the island in the late 17th century, twice that of the English population. [117] Another one of those factors could include tourism: being that Jamaica is a very touristy place, the island draws numerous people traveling here from all over the world. Also visible in the waters surrounding Jamaica are dolphins, parrotfish, and the endangered manatee. A short summary of this paper. [3] On 13 April 2011, a limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead. [citation needed] Notable American with connection to the island include fashion icon Ralph Lauren, philanthropist Daisy Soros, Blackstone's Schwarzman family, the family of the late Lieutenant Governor of Delaware John W. Rollins, fashion designer Vanessa Noel, investor Guy Stuart, Edward and Patricia Falkenberg, and iHeart Media CEO Bob Pittman, all of whom hold annual charity events to support the island. Gain a better understanding of the field of law and legal studies, which includes both the rules and regulations that govern society (the law) as well as the study of how law shapes and is shaped by political, economic, and cultural forces (legal studies). Jamaica is a very touristy place specifically because of their beaches. It is currently only available in the parishes of Kingston, Portmore and St. Andrew. Among the island's protected areas are the Cockpit Country, Hellshire Hills, and Litchfield forest reserves. [43] By the early 1670s, as the English developed sugar cane plantations worked by large numbers of slaves, black Africans formed a majority of the population. [127][128][129] Many Maroons continue to have their own traditions and speak their own language, known locally as Kromanti.[130]. Indian heritage in Jamaica. From trending social issues to classic literature, Gale resources have you covered. Today most of the town's descendants are of full or partial German descent. [251], Since the first quarter of 2006, the economy of Jamaica has undergone a period of staunch growth. [11] Due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, there is a large Jamaican diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [186][187] The Hindu Diwali festival is celebrated yearly among the Indo-Jamaican community. [citation needed], Jamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. [131] Most are descended from indentured workers brought by the British colonial government to fill labour shortages following the abolition of slavery in 1838. As part of the British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39, Jamaica saw numerous strikes, culminating in a strike in 1938 that turned into a full-blown riot. [115] The development of a user fee system would help fund environmental management and protection. [78], In the 2020 general election, Andrew Holness made history for the JLP by accomplishing a second consecutive win for the Jamaica Labour Party, winning 49 seats to 14 won by the PNP, led this time by Peter Phillips (politician). The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the small but professional military force of Jamaica. [40] During the centuries of slavery, Jamaican Maroons established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, where they maintained their freedom and independence for generations, under the leadership of Maroon leaders such as Juan de Serras. You appear to be visiting us from United Kingdom.Please head to Gale International site if you are located outside of North America. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. [24] Small numbers of Jews also came to live on the island. If you are located in the USA or Canada please visit the Gale North American site. Jamaica produces enormous quantities of drinking alcohol (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none used as motor fuel. [153][154], A notable though much smaller group of emigrants are Jamaicans in Ethiopia. The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Jamaica hard. The emancipation of the slaves heralded the establishment of an education system for the masses. [citation needed] Owing to rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, the government sought International Monetary Fund (IMF) financing, which was dependent on implementing various austerity measures. Ideal for laypeople's discussion groups. [227][230] Emphasis has been placed on maintaining strict fiscal discipline, greater openness to trade and financial flows, market liberalisation and reduction in the size of government. Gale provides insights and useful resources for education research, methods, and issue analysis across a variety of topics, including formal learning options available in the United States to students of all ages—beginning with preschool and progressing through primary school, secondary school, and institutions of higher education, to professional development, educational methods and issues, and more. Dive into the field of health and medicine, a subject that encompasses the study of the prevention, cure, and understanding of disease as well as the investigation of physical and mental well-being. SPACE PLANNING FOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS. As with the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. [238], A Canadian company, Carube Copper Corp, has found and confirmed, "...the existence of at least seven significant Cu/Au porphyry systems (in St. Jamaica has also produced several world class amateur and professional boxers including Trevor Berbick and Mike McCallum. The newest city municipality created is the Municipality of Portmore in 2003. Spanish slave holders freed their slaves before leaving Jamaica. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company,[263] the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station Saint James, the Rockfort Power Station Saint Andrew and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River. Mobirise is a totally free mobile-friendly Web Builder that permits every customer without HTML/CSS skills to create a stunning site in no longer than a few minutes. [113], Insects and other invertebrates are abundant, including the world's largest centipede, the Amazonian giant centipede. In 2018, both Moody's and Standard and Poor Credit ratings upgraded Jamaica's ratings to both "stable and positive" respectively. During this period, a large share of the economy was returned to private sector ownership through divestment and privatisation programmes. Download Free PDF. SPACE PLANNING FOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL INTERIORS. All the members of the Cabinet are appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. These include storm surge, slope failures (landslides), earthquakes, floods and hurricanes. Food and beverage processing, glassware manufacturing, software and data processing, printing and publishing, insurance underwriting, music and recording, and advanced education activities can be found in the larger urban areas. Jamaica is the home to about 150 species of butterflies and moths, including 35 indigenous species and 22 subspecies. Each Jamaican generates 1 kg (2 lbs) of waste per day; only 70% of this is collected by National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA) — the remaining 30% is either burnt or disposed of in gullies/waterways. Within this discipline, however, the humanities and the social sciences are distinct in their methodology and focus. Most of the population of 2,812,000 (July 2018 est. The Judiciary of Jamaica operates on a common law system derived from English law and Commonwealth of Nations precedents. As a result, many of the slave owning plantations on the island were owned by Scottish men, and thus a large number of mixed-race Jamaicans can claim Scottish ancestry. Fish that occasionally enter freshwater and estuarine environments include snook, jewfish, mangrove snapper, and mullets. In addition there are local commuter airports at Tinson Pen (Kingston), Port Antonio, and Negril, which cater to internal flights only. Jamaican waters contain considerable resources of fresh-and saltwater fish. All these crops were worked by black slaves, who lived short and often brutal lives with no rights, being the property of a small planter-class. The court of final appeal is the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, though during the 2000s parliament attempted to replace it with the Caribbean Court of Justice. [89] The Headquarters JDF contains the JDF Commander, Command Staff as well as Intelligence, Judge Advocate office, Administrative and Procurement sections. It is also the native home to the Jamaican swallowtail, the western hemisphere's largest butterfly.[114]. Bands that came from Jamaica include Black Uhuru, Third World Band, Inner Circle, Chalice Reggae Band, Culture, Fab Five and Morgan Heritage. [88] The 1st Engineer Regiment was formed due to an increased demand for military engineers and their role is to provide engineering services whenever and wherever they are needed. [268] The facility has since been purchased by West Indies Petroleum Ltd. and repurposed for petroleum distillates. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on 14 January 2010. [157] By 2009, the rate was 62 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest in the world. [14] While the most popular local sport is cricket, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at track and field athletics.[14][204]. Learn everything an expat should know about managing finances in Germany, including bank accounts, paying taxes, getting insurance and investing. [80] Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange. [citation needed]. There are also opportunities for those who cannot afford further education in the vocational arena, through the Human Employment and Resource Training-National Training Agency (HEART Trust-NTA) programme,[217] which is opened to all working age national population[218] and through an extensive scholarship network for the various universities. [190] The first Jews in Jamaica trace their roots back to early 15th-century Spain and Portugal. [citation needed] After emancipation the West Indian Commission granted a sum of money to establish Elementary Schools, now known as All Age Schools. It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.01/10, ranking it 110th globally out of 172 countries. The voter turnout dipped below 50% for the first time, registering just 48.37%. [146] There has also been emigration of Jamaicans to other Caribbeans countries such as Cuba,[147] Puerto Rico, Guyana, and The Bahamas. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation. Explore overviews, statistics, essay topics, and more or log in through your library to find even more content. [20] Yamaye has been suggested as an early Taino name for the island as recorded by Christopher Columbus. [11] The JDF is based on the British military model with similar organisation, training, weapons and traditions. [145] Both JSL and ASL are rapidly replacing Konchri Sain for a variety of reasons. Jamaica has produced some of the world's most famous cricketers, including George Headley, Courtney Walsh, Chris Gayle and Michael Holding. Click to see our best Video content. "The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno. [237] Jamaica is the fifth-largest exporter of bauxite in the world, after Australia, China, Brazil and Guinea. Hall, D. "Bounties European Immigration with Special Reference of the German Settlement at Seaford Town, Parts 1 and 2". The government is currently implementing plans to increase its extraction. The position of the monarch has been a matter of continuing debate in Jamaica for many years; currently both major political parties are committed to transitioning to a republic with a president. [24], The optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequality among many Afro-Jamaicans, and a concern that the benefits of growth were not being shared by the urban poor, many of whom ended up living in crime-ridden shanty towns in Kingston. Portland Bight Protected Area was designated in 1999. Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) Yara Shahidi’s Movies and TV shows are Making Their Mark on Hollywood [116] A study was conducted to see how tourist could help with sustainable financing for ocean and coastal management in Jamaica. Ian Fleming (1908 – 1964), who had a home in Jamaica where he spent considerable time, repeatedly used the island as a setting in his James Bond novels, including Live and Let Die, Doctor No, "For Your Eyes Only", The Man with the Golden Gun, and Octopussy and The Living Daylights. The JDF Air Wing is divided into three flight units, a training unit, a support unit and the JDF Air Wing (National Reserve). This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. [24] After leaving the Federation, Jamaica attained full independence on 6 August 1962. To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses. $0.99. [citation needed], The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) comprises an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. [24] During this period Jamaica's two-party system emerged, with the creation of the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) under Alexander Bustamante and the People's National Party (PNP) under Norman Manley. Learn more about the subject of history, which is broadly defined as the study of past events. In 1999 the total visitor arrivals was 2 million, an increase of 100,000 from the previous year. Over the past six decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including Olympic and World Champion Usain Bolt, world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Swindoll, Charles Rozell. [23] Another group, known as the "Redware people" after their pottery, arrived circa 600 AD,[24] followed by the Taíno circa 800 AD, who most likely came from South America. Filming for the fictional island of San Monique in Live and Let Die took place in Jamaica. This has not garnered support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens. [116] Tourist typically go to countries unaware of issues and how they impact those issues. Issues include accidents at sea; risk of spills through local and international transport of petroleum and petroleum products. [80], The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) is paved. Cable and Wireless Communications (parent company of LIME) acquired the company in late 2014 and replaced their brand LIME with FLOW. [24][33] Meanwhile, the Taínos began dying in large numbers, from both introduced diseases to which they had no immunity, and from enslavement by the Spanish. [16] Bedwardism is a form of Christianity native to the island, sometime view as a separate faith. [56][57], Over the next 20 years, several epidemics of cholera, scarlet fever, and smallpox hit the island, killing almost 60,000 people (about 10 per day). Opens up this long-ignored book of the OT. [24] In 1872 the capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston. Prominent descendants of this group include Canadian billionaire investor Michael Lee-Chin, supermodels Naomi Campbell and Tyson Beckford, and VP Records founder Vincent "Randy" Chin. How To Become A Book Coordinator; Metadata Coordinator (MC) Metadata coordinators (MCs), help and advise Book Coordinators, and take over the files with the completed recordings (soloists are also Book … [58] This period was marked by an economic slump, with many Jamaicans living in poverty. A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, Flow Jamaica, laid a new submarine cable connecting Jamaica to the United States. Kingston is the country's capital and largest city. This page was last edited on 20 May 2021, at 04:28. [163] Nevertheless, in 2017 murders rose by 22% over the previous year. [80] Introduced mammals such as wild boar and the small Asian mongoose are also common. In 1992, Jamaica's first marine park, covering nearly 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), was established in Montego Bay. Website Builder. These are mostly Rastafarians, in whose theological worldview Africa is the promised land, or "Zion", or more specifically Ethiopia, due to reverence in which former Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie is held. [75][76] However, this poll reflected a greater discontent with the JLP handling of crime and the economy, and as a result, Holness and the JLP were defeated in the 2011 Jamaican general election, which saw Portia Simpson-Miller and the PNP return to power. A tax high enough to fund for environmental management and protection but low enough to continue to bring tourist to Jamaica. Lizards such as anoles, iguanas and snakes such as racers and the Jamaican boa (the largest snake on the island), are common in areas such as the Cockpit Country. Jamaica lies in the hurricane belt of the Atlantic Ocean and because of this, the island sometimes suffers significant storm damage. [219] In 2019 Jamaica reported its lowest unemployment rate in 50 years. Jamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with legislative power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives. The Jamaica national rugby league team is made up of players who play in Jamaica and from UK based professional and semi professional clubs (notably in the Super League and Championship). Education is free from the early childhood to secondary levels. Carube noted that Jamaica's geology, "... is similar to that of Chile, Argentina and the Dominican Republic – all productive mining jurisdictions." READ PAPER. Beautiful and exotic birds, such as the can be found among a large number of others. The local governments of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrews are consolidated as the city municipality of Kingston & St. Andrew Municipal Corporation. [101] The following year Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park was created, covering roughly 300 square miles (780 km2) of a wilderness area which supports thousands of tree and fern species and rare animals. [220], Supported by multilateral financial institutions, Jamaica has, since the early 1980s, sought to implement structural reforms aimed at fostering private sector activity and increasing the role of market forces in resource allocation[221][222][223] Since 1991, the government has followed a programme of economic liberalisation and stabilisation by removing exchange controls,[224][225] floating the exchange rate,[226][227] cutting tariffs,[228] stabilising the Jamaican dollar, reducing inflation[229] and removing restrictions on foreign investment. Their descendants include two of Jamaica's National Heroes: Prime Ministers Michael Manley and Alexander Bustamante. Jamaica's geological origin, topographical features and seasonal high rainfall make it susceptible to a range of natural hazards that can affect the coastal and oceanic environments. A short summary of this paper. [39], When the English captured Jamaica, most Spanish colonists fled, with the exception of Spanish Jews, who chose to remain in the island. [133] Most were Christian immigrants who fled the Ottoman occupation of Lebanon in the early 19th century. Scottish surnames account to about 60% of the surnames in the Jamaican phone books. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. [80], Jamaica is home to about 3,000 species of native flowering plants (of which over 1,000 are endemic and 200 are species of orchid), thousands of species of non-flowering flora, and about 20 botanical gardens, some of which are several hundred years old. The loan agreement is for a period of three years. [232] In 1997 and 1998, nominal GDP was approximately a high of about 8 percent of GDP and then lowered to 4½ percent of GDP in 1999 and 2000. [citation needed] In 2017, Jamaica signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. [11] Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic); the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres (134 mi) to the north-west. [191] Kahal Kadosh Shaare Shalom, also known as the United Congregation of Israelites, is a historic synagogue located in the city of Kingston. Paul Easterling, "The Ifa' Diaspora: The Art of Syncretism, Part 5 – Obeah and Myal" in. But what they have in common is their high level of language skills and academic writing skills. [236] Bauxite and alumina production increased 5.5% from January to December 1998, compared to the corresponding period in 1997. [241] In 2018, Jamaica won several World Travel Awards in Portugal winning the "Chairman's Award for Global Tourism Innovation", "Best Tourist Board in the Caribbean" "Best Honeymoon Destination", "Best Culinary Destination", "World's Leading Beach Destination" and "World's Leading Cruise Destination". The initiative would see holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds returning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities. Students are taught Spanish in school from the primary level upwards; about 40–45% of educated people in Jamaica knows some form of Spanish. The PNP won 31 seats to the JLP's 32. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending on the arm of service. Take A Sneak Peak At The Movies Coming Out This Week (8/12) Yara Shahidi’s Movies and TV shows are Making Their Mark on Hollywood; New Movie Releases This Weekend: May May 21-23 [24][25] They practised an agrarian and fishing economy, and at their height are thought to have numbered some 60,000 people, grouped into around 200 villages headed by caciques (chiefs). [255], In April 2014, the Governments of Jamaica and China signed the preliminary agreements for the first phase of the Jamaican Logistics Hub (JLH) – the initiative that aims to position Kingston as the fourth node in the global logistics chain, joining Rotterdam, Dubai and Singapore, and serving the Americas. Pachico, Elyssa (2012-3-30). A book coordinator (commonly abbreviated BC in the forum) is a volunteer who manages all the other volunteers who will record chapters for a LibriVox recording. This project has so far seen the completion of 33 kilometres (21 mi) of freeway. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Patterson also won the 1997 Jamaican general election, by another landslide margin of 50 seats to the JLP's 10 seats. Customers include the Power industry, Aircraft refuellers, and Local Marketing companies. During the Holocaust Jamaica became a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe. E. Kofi Agorsah, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica".
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